Quick
Notes - IOS COMMANDS
What two EXEC modes are supported in the Cisco
IOS?
The two EXEC modes are:
User EXEC mode (user mode)
Privileged EXEC mode (enable or privileged mode)
In the IOS, what is User EXEC mode?
User EXEC mode is the first mode you enter when you log into the IOS. This mode is limited and is mostly used to view statistics. You cannot change a router's configuration in this mode. By default, the greater-than sign (>) indicates that you are in user mode. This is how the router prompt looks in user mode: Router>
In the IOS, what is privileged EXEC mode?
In privileged EXEC mode, you can view and change the configuration in a router. To enter privileged mode, enter the enable command while in user mode. The pound symbol (#) indicates that you are in privileged mode. This mode is usually protected with a password. You also see the output of the prompt:
Router>enable
Password:
Router#
When you are in privileged EXEC mode, how do you return to user EXEC mode?
You return to user EXEC mode using the disable, exit, or end IOS commands. Here is an example of using the disable command:
Router#disable
Router>
What two types of content-sensitive help are available in the Cisco IOS?
Word help and command syntax help are the two types of content-sensitive help. Word help uses a question mark and identifies commands that start with a character or sequence of characters. For example, the following router output shows the use of word help for any IOS command that starts with the letters cl:
Router#cl?
clear clock
Command syntax help is when you use a question mark after a command so that you can see how to complete the command.
For example:
Router#clock ?
set Set the time and date
On a Cisco router, what does the show version command display?
The show version command displays the system hardware's configuration, including RAM, Flash memory, software version, configuration register, and boot images. Here is an example of the show version command:
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System SoftwareIOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-D-L), Version 12.0(13), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 06-Sep-00 01:08 by lindaImage text-base: 0x030388F8, data-base: 0x00001000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 5.2(5), RELEASE SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-RXBOOT), Version 10.2(5), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Router uptime is 50 minutesSystem restarted by power-onSystem image file is "flash:c2500-d-l.120-13.bin" cisco 2505 (68030) processor (revision C) with 8192K/2048K bytes of memory.Processor board ID 02073409, with hardware revision 00000000(text omitted)32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY) Configuration register is 0x2102
On a Cisco router, how do you display the configuration running in RAM?
You display the configuration running in RAM using the show running-config privileged mode command. For example:
Router#showrunning-config
Building
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0service timestamps debug uptimeservice timestamps log uptimeno service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
!
enable password cisco
!
--More--
On a Cisco router, how do you view the configuration stored in NVRAM?
You view the configuration stored in NVRAM using the show startup-config privileged mode command.
What Cisco router command would you use to view a list of the most recently used commands?
The show history command, by default, displays the last ten commands used. You can also use the up arrow key (or Ctrl-P) to display the last command you entered and the down arrow key (or Ctrl-N) to display the previous commands you entered. The following is an example of the show history command:
Router#show history
en
show running-config
show running-config
show history
enable
show version
show time
show history
Router#
Command history is enabled by default and records ten commands in its history buffer for the current session. How do you edit the number of commands that are stored in the router's history buffer?
To edit the number of command lines stored for the current session, use the terminal history [size number-of-lines] command in privileged EXEC mode. For example, the following changes the history size to 20 lines:
Router#terminal history size 20
Note: The maximum number of lines you can set for the current session is 256, but doing so wastes router memory. To turn off terminal history, use the terminal no history privileged mode command. If you want to set the history size longer than the current session, go to the console interface and enter the history [size number-of-lines] interface command as a more permanent way of changing the history buffer. This command is unavailable on a Catalyst 1900 switch.
On a Cisco router, name the enhanced editing commands that are used to do the following: ·
Move the cursor to the beginning of the line
· Move the cursor to the end of the line
· Move the cursor forward one character
· Move the cursor back one character
· Move the cursor back one word· Delete a line
· Complete a line· Display a line versus a screen
Move the cursor to the beginning of the line Ctrl-A
Move the cursor to the end of the line Ctrl-E
Move the cursor forward one character Ctrl-F
Move the cursor back one character Ctrl-B
Move the cursor back one word Esc-B
Delete all characters from the cursor to the beginning of the command
line - Ctrl-U
Complete a line - Tab
Display a line versus a screen - Enter
What are global commands on a Cisco router?
Global configuration commands are commands that affect the entire router. They can be executed only in global configuration mode.
How do you enter global configuration mode?
To enter global configuration mode, you enter the config terminal command from privileged EXEC mode. Here is an example of this command:
Router#config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#
How do you configure a name on a Cisco router?
The hostname name global configuration command is used to configure a name on a Cisco router. For example, the following command changes the router's host name to RouterA:
Router(config)#hostname RouterA
RouterA(config)#
How do you add a message-of-the-day (MOTD) banner on a Cisco router?
To add a message-of-the-day banner to a Cisco router, enter the banner motd # text # global configuration command. The pound signs (#) are delimiting characters. They can be any character of your choice, but they must be the same and cannot be included in your text. They signify the beginning and end of your text. The following example shows the banner motd command:
RouterA(config)#banner motd # Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'.Warning only authorized users many access this Router. #
RouterA(config)#
Note: The MOTD banner is displayed to anyone connecting to the router via Telnet, console port, or auxiliary port.
On a Cisco router, how do you add a password to the console terminal?
To add a password to the console terminal, use the line console 0 global configuration command, followed by the login and password password line subcommands:
RouterA(config)#line console 0
RouterA(config-line)#login
RouterA(config-line)#password CCNA
In this example, the login subcommand forces the router to prompt for authentication. Without this command, the router will not authenticate a password. The password CCNA command sets the console password to CCNA. The password you set is case-sensitive.
How do you add a password for Telnet access on a Cisco router?
To add a password for Telnet access, enter the line vty 0 4 global configuration command, the login command, and finally the password line subcommand. The password is case-sensitive. In this example, the Telnet password is set to CCNA:
RouterA(config)#line vty 0 4
RouterA(config-line)#login
RouterA(config-line)#password CCNA
What command do you use to add a password to the auxiliary interface on your Cisco router?
To add a password to the auxiliary interface, use the line aux global configuration command, followed by the login and password subcommands. is the number of the auxiliary port you want to add a password to. The password is case-sensitive. The following example sets the password for the auxiliary port to CCNA:
RouterA(config)#line aux 0
RouterA(config-line)#login
RouterA(config-line)#password CCNA
On a Cisco router, how do you set a password to restrict access to privileged EXEC mode?
You set a password to restrict access to privileged EXEC mode using the enable password global configuration command:
RouterA(config)#enable password CCNA
This example sets the password to enter privileged mode to CCNA.
By default, when you view the router's configuration, the enable password is not encrypted. What command can you enter to use an encrypted enable password?
To use an encrypted enable password, use the enable secret password global configuration command, where password is a case-sensitive password you assign:
RouterA(config)#enable secret Cisco
If you have an enable password on your router, the IOS will allow you to use the same password as your enable password for your secret password, but this is not recommended. This is because the enable password is not encrypted and anyone can view it. If you have both an enable and secret password configured on your router, the router will use the secret password and not the enable password.
When you view the configuration on Cisco routers, only the enable secret password is encrypted.
How do you encrypt user mode and the enable password?
To encrypt user mode and the enable password, use the service password-encryption global command:
RouterA(config)#service password-encryption
How do you configure Cisco router interfaces?
To configure an interface on a Cisco router, use the interface interface-type number global command, where interface-type number is the interface type and number you want to configure. For example, if you want to configure the second serial interface on your router, you would enter the following:
RouterA(config)#interface serial 1
RouterA(config-if)#
Cisco interfaces start with 0 instead of 1. So the first interface would be number 0. The prompt also changes to RouterA(config-if)# to tell you that you are in interface mode. If you have a router with module slot, such as the Cisco 3600, you would enter into interface mode by entering the slot/port number. For example, if you have a Cisco 3600 router with two module serial interfaces and you want to configure the first serial interface on the second module you would enter interface s1/0.
How do you administratively disable an interface on a Cisco router?
You administratively disable an interface on a Cisco router by issuing the shutdown interface configuration command. In this example, the serial interface is issued the shutdown command: RouterA(config)#int s0
RouterA(config-if)#shutdown
00:27:14: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down
To administratively enable an interface, use the no shutdown interface command.
What are some of the things the show interface interface-type number command displays?
The show interface command displays the following: · Whether the interface is administratively down· Whether the line protocol is up or down· An Internet address (if one is configured)· MTU and bandwidth· Traffic statistics on the interface· Interface encapsulation type
RouterA#show interface s0
Serial0 is down, line protocol is down
Hardware is HD64570 Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input never, output never, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/0/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort 0 packets output, 0 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 0 carrier transitions DCD=up DSR=up DTR=down RTS=down CTS=up
On your Cisco router, you enter show interface s0 and notice that the port is administratively down. What does this mean, and how do you fix it?
When an interface is administratively down, it has been shut down manually. To remedy this, enter the interface command no shut.
What two commands can you use to show the clock rate on a serial interface?
To view the clock rate on a serial interface, you can use the show running-config enable command and the show controllers enable command.
Assuming that you are using no CSU/DSU and you are using back-to-back DTE/DCE serial cables, what command would you use to set the serial interface on a router to provide clocking to another router at 64 Kbps?
The command to set the serial interface on a router to provide clocking to another router at 64 Kbps is clock rate 64000. Setting the clock rate on an interface makes it a DCE interface.
What Cisco IOS router command would you use to find out whether a serial interface is a DCE or DTE interface (providing clocking)?
To see whether a serial interface is providing clocking, use the enable command show controllers serial-interface-type serial-number. The following example shows that serial interface 0 is providing clock rate at 56 Kbps:
RouterA#show controllers s 0
HD unit 0, idb = 0xCCE04, driver structure at 0xD2298buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DCE cable, clockrate 56000cpb = 0x81, eda = 0x4940, cda = 0x4800RX ring with 16 entries at 0x814800
The two EXEC modes are:
User EXEC mode (user mode)
Privileged EXEC mode (enable or privileged mode)
In the IOS, what is User EXEC mode?
User EXEC mode is the first mode you enter when you log into the IOS. This mode is limited and is mostly used to view statistics. You cannot change a router's configuration in this mode. By default, the greater-than sign (>) indicates that you are in user mode. This is how the router prompt looks in user mode: Router>
In the IOS, what is privileged EXEC mode?
In privileged EXEC mode, you can view and change the configuration in a router. To enter privileged mode, enter the enable command while in user mode. The pound symbol (#) indicates that you are in privileged mode. This mode is usually protected with a password. You also see the output of the prompt:
Router>enable
Password:
Router#
When you are in privileged EXEC mode, how do you return to user EXEC mode?
You return to user EXEC mode using the disable, exit, or end IOS commands. Here is an example of using the disable command:
Router#disable
Router>
What two types of content-sensitive help are available in the Cisco IOS?
Word help and command syntax help are the two types of content-sensitive help. Word help uses a question mark and identifies commands that start with a character or sequence of characters. For example, the following router output shows the use of word help for any IOS command that starts with the letters cl:
Router#cl?
clear clock
Command syntax help is when you use a question mark after a command so that you can see how to complete the command.
For example:
Router#clock ?
set Set the time and date
On a Cisco router, what does the show version command display?
The show version command displays the system hardware's configuration, including RAM, Flash memory, software version, configuration register, and boot images. Here is an example of the show version command:
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System SoftwareIOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-D-L), Version 12.0(13), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 06-Sep-00 01:08 by lindaImage text-base: 0x030388F8, data-base: 0x00001000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 5.2(5), RELEASE SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-RXBOOT), Version 10.2(5), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Router uptime is 50 minutesSystem restarted by power-onSystem image file is "flash:c2500-d-l.120-13.bin" cisco 2505 (68030) processor (revision C) with 8192K/2048K bytes of memory.Processor board ID 02073409, with hardware revision 00000000(text omitted)32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY) Configuration register is 0x2102
On a Cisco router, how do you display the configuration running in RAM?
You display the configuration running in RAM using the show running-config privileged mode command. For example:
Router#show
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0service timestamps debug uptimeservice timestamps log uptimeno service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
!
enable password cisco
!
--More--
On a Cisco router, how do you view the configuration stored in NVRAM?
You view the configuration stored in NVRAM using the show startup-config privileged mode command.
What Cisco router command would you use to view a list of the most recently used commands?
The show history command, by default, displays the last ten commands used. You can also use the up arrow key (or Ctrl-P) to display the last command you entered and the down arrow key (or Ctrl-N) to display the previous commands you entered. The following is an example of the show history command:
Router#show history
en
show running-config
show running-config
show history
enable
show version
show time
show history
Router#
Command history is enabled by default and records ten commands in its history buffer for the current session. How do you edit the number of commands that are stored in the router's history buffer?
To edit the number of command lines stored for the current session, use the terminal history [size number-of-lines] command in privileged EXEC mode. For example, the following changes the history size to 20 lines:
Router#terminal history size 20
Note: The maximum number of lines you can set for the current session is 256, but doing so wastes router memory. To turn off terminal history, use the terminal no history privileged mode command. If you want to set the history size longer than the current session, go to the console interface and enter the history [size number-of-lines] interface command as a more permanent way of changing the history buffer. This command is unavailable on a Catalyst 1900 switch.
On a Cisco router, name the enhanced editing commands that are used to do the following: ·
Move the cursor to the beginning of the line
· Move the cursor to the end of the line
· Move the cursor forward one character
· Move the cursor back one character
· Move the cursor back one word· Delete a line
· Complete a line· Display a line versus a screen
Move the cursor to the beginning of the line Ctrl-A
Move the cursor to the end of the line Ctrl-E
Move the cursor forward one character Ctrl-F
Move the cursor back one character Ctrl-B
Move the cursor back one word Esc-B
Delete all characters from the cursor to the beginning of the command
line - Ctrl-U
Complete a line - Tab
Display a line versus a screen - Enter
What are global commands on a Cisco router?
Global configuration commands are commands that affect the entire router. They can be executed only in global configuration mode.
How do you enter global configuration mode?
To enter global configuration mode, you enter the config terminal command from privileged EXEC mode. Here is an example of this command:
Router#config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#
How do you configure a name on a Cisco router?
The hostname name global configuration command is used to configure a name on a Cisco router. For example, the following command changes the router's host name to RouterA:
Router(config)#hostname RouterA
RouterA(config)#
How do you add a message-of-the-day (MOTD) banner on a Cisco router?
To add a message-of-the-day banner to a Cisco router, enter the banner motd # text # global configuration command. The pound signs (#) are delimiting characters. They can be any character of your choice, but they must be the same and cannot be included in your text. They signify the beginning and end of your text. The following example shows the banner motd command:
RouterA(config)#banner motd # Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'.Warning only authorized users many access this Router. #
RouterA(config)#
Note: The MOTD banner is displayed to anyone connecting to the router via Telnet, console port, or auxiliary port.
On a Cisco router, how do you add a password to the console terminal?
To add a password to the console terminal, use the line console 0 global configuration command, followed by the login and password password line subcommands:
RouterA(config)#line console 0
RouterA(config-line)#login
RouterA(config-line)#password CCNA
In this example, the login subcommand forces the router to prompt for authentication. Without this command, the router will not authenticate a password. The password CCNA command sets the console password to CCNA. The password you set is case-sensitive.
How do you add a password for Telnet access on a Cisco router?
To add a password for Telnet access, enter the line vty 0 4 global configuration command, the login command, and finally the password line subcommand. The password is case-sensitive. In this example, the Telnet password is set to CCNA:
RouterA(config)#line vty 0 4
RouterA(config-line)#login
RouterA(config-line)#password CCNA
What command do you use to add a password to the auxiliary interface on your Cisco router?
To add a password to the auxiliary interface, use the line aux global configuration command, followed by the login and password subcommands. is the number of the auxiliary port you want to add a password to. The password is case-sensitive. The following example sets the password for the auxiliary port to CCNA:
RouterA(config)#line aux 0
RouterA(config-line)#login
RouterA(config-line)#password CCNA
On a Cisco router, how do you set a password to restrict access to privileged EXEC mode?
You set a password to restrict access to privileged EXEC mode using the enable password global configuration command:
RouterA(config)#enable password CCNA
This example sets the password to enter privileged mode to CCNA.
By default, when you view the router's configuration, the enable password is not encrypted. What command can you enter to use an encrypted enable password?
To use an encrypted enable password, use the enable secret password global configuration command, where password is a case-sensitive password you assign:
RouterA(config)#enable secret Cisco
If you have an enable password on your router, the IOS will allow you to use the same password as your enable password for your secret password, but this is not recommended. This is because the enable password is not encrypted and anyone can view it. If you have both an enable and secret password configured on your router, the router will use the secret password and not the enable password.
When you view the configuration on Cisco routers, only the enable secret password is encrypted.
How do you encrypt user mode and the enable password?
To encrypt user mode and the enable password, use the service password-encryption global command:
RouterA(config)#service password-encryption
How do you configure Cisco router interfaces?
To configure an interface on a Cisco router, use the interface interface-type number global command, where interface-type number is the interface type and number you want to configure. For example, if you want to configure the second serial interface on your router, you would enter the following:
RouterA(config)#interface serial 1
RouterA(config-if)#
Cisco interfaces start with 0 instead of 1. So the first interface would be number 0. The prompt also changes to RouterA(config-if)# to tell you that you are in interface mode. If you have a router with module slot, such as the Cisco 3600, you would enter into interface mode by entering the slot/port number. For example, if you have a Cisco 3600 router with two module serial interfaces and you want to configure the first serial interface on the second module you would enter interface s1/0.
How do you administratively disable an interface on a Cisco router?
You administratively disable an interface on a Cisco router by issuing the shutdown interface configuration command. In this example, the serial interface is issued the shutdown command: RouterA(config)#int s0
RouterA(config-if)#shutdown
00:27:14: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down
To administratively enable an interface, use the no shutdown interface command.
What are some of the things the show interface interface-type number command displays?
The show interface command displays the following: · Whether the interface is administratively down· Whether the line protocol is up or down· An Internet address (if one is configured)· MTU and bandwidth· Traffic statistics on the interface· Interface encapsulation type
RouterA#show interface s0
Serial0 is down, line protocol is down
Hardware is HD64570 Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input never, output never, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/0/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort 0 packets output, 0 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 0 carrier transitions DCD=up DSR=up DTR=down RTS=down CTS=up
On your Cisco router, you enter show interface s0 and notice that the port is administratively down. What does this mean, and how do you fix it?
When an interface is administratively down, it has been shut down manually. To remedy this, enter the interface command no shut.
What two commands can you use to show the clock rate on a serial interface?
To view the clock rate on a serial interface, you can use the show running-config enable command and the show controllers enable command.
Assuming that you are using no CSU/DSU and you are using back-to-back DTE/DCE serial cables, what command would you use to set the serial interface on a router to provide clocking to another router at 64 Kbps?
The command to set the serial interface on a router to provide clocking to another router at 64 Kbps is clock rate 64000. Setting the clock rate on an interface makes it a DCE interface.
What Cisco IOS router command would you use to find out whether a serial interface is a DCE or DTE interface (providing clocking)?
To see whether a serial interface is providing clocking, use the enable command show controllers serial-interface-type serial-number. The following example shows that serial interface 0 is providing clock rate at 56 Kbps:
RouterA#show controllers s 0
HD unit 0, idb = 0xCCE04, driver structure at 0xD2298buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DCE cable, clockrate 56000cpb = 0x81, eda = 0x4940, cda = 0x4800RX ring with 16 entries at 0x814800
Quick Notes - PPP
PPP can be used over what physical WAN interfaces?
PPP
can be used on the following:
Asynchronous serial interfaces
High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
ISDN
Synchronous serial interfaces
Asynchronous serial interfaces
High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
ISDN
Synchronous serial interfaces
PPP is a data link layer protocol that provides network-layer
services. What are the two sublayers of PPP?
The
two sublayers of PPP are the following:
Network Core Protocol (NCP) is the component that encapsulates and configures multiple network layer protocols. Some examples<>
Link Control Protocol (LCP) is used to establish, configure, maintain, and terminate PPP connections.
Network Core Protocol (NCP) is the component that encapsulates and configures multiple network layer protocols. Some examples<>
Link Control Protocol (LCP) is used to establish, configure, maintain, and terminate PPP connections.
What features does LCP offer to PPP encapsulation?
LCP
offers authentication, callback, compression, error detection, and multilink to
PPP encapsulation.
The two methods of authentication on PPP links are:
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
PAP is the less-secure of the two methods; passwords are sent in clear text and are exchanged only upon initial link establishment.
CHAP is used upon initial link establishment and periodically to make sure that the router is still communicating with the same host. CHAP passwords are exchanged as MD5 encrypted values.
The two methods of authentication on PPP links are:
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
PAP is the less-secure of the two methods; passwords are sent in clear text and are exchanged only upon initial link establishment.
CHAP is used upon initial link establishment and periodically to make sure that the router is still communicating with the same host. CHAP passwords are exchanged as MD5 encrypted values.
What two protocols are available for compression on PPP links?
The
two protocols available for compression are Stacker and Predictor.
What three phases are used to establish a PPP session?
The
three phases used to establish a PPP session are the following:
Step 1. Link establishment--Each PPP device sends LCP packets to configure and test the link (Layer 1).
Step 2. Authentication phase (optional)--If authentication is configured, either PAP or CHAP is used to authenticate the link. Authentication must take place before the network layer protocol phase can begin (Layer 2).
Step 3. Network layer protocol phase--PPP sends NCP packets to choose and configure one or more network layer protocols to be encapsulated and sent over the PPP data link (Layer 3).
Note on authentication: Hostname and passwords are case-sensitive.
Step 1. Link establishment--Each PPP device sends LCP packets to configure and test the link (Layer 1).
Step 2. Authentication phase (optional)--If authentication is configured, either PAP or CHAP is used to authenticate the link. Authentication must take place before the network layer protocol phase can begin (Layer 2).
Step 3. Network layer protocol phase--PPP sends NCP packets to choose and configure one or more network layer protocols to be encapsulated and sent over the PPP data link (Layer 3).
Note on authentication: Hostname and passwords are case-sensitive.
How do you enable PPP encapsulation on a Cisco router serial
interface?
To
enable PPP encapsulation on a serial interface, enter the encapsulation ppp
interface command:
RouterB(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
RouterB(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
How do you enable PPP authentication using PAP or CHAP on a Cisco
router?
To enable PPP authentication on a Cisco router, follow these steps:
Step 1. Make sure that each router has a host name assigned to it using the hostname command.
Step 2. On each router, define the username of the remote router and password that both routers will use with the username name password password command.
Step 3. Configure PPP authentication with the ppp authentication {chap chap pap pap chap pap} interface command. (If both PAP and CHAP are enabled, the first method you specify in the command is used. If the peer suggests the second method or refuses the first method, the second method is used.)
For example:
RouterB(config)#hostname RouterB
RouterB(config)#username RouterA password cisco
RouterB(config)#int s0
RouterB(config-if)#ppp authentication chap pap
What is the default encapsulation on a Cisco serial interface?
HDLC
To enable PPP authentication on a Cisco router, follow these steps:
Step 1. Make sure that each router has a host name assigned to it using the hostname command.
Step 2. On each router, define the username of the remote router and password that both routers will use with the username name password password command.
Step 3. Configure PPP authentication with the ppp authentication {chap chap pap pap chap pap} interface command. (If both PAP and CHAP are enabled, the first method you specify in the command is used. If the peer suggests the second method or refuses the first method, the second method is used.)
For example:
RouterB(config)#hostname RouterB
RouterB(config)#username RouterA password cisco
RouterB(config)#int s0
RouterB(config-if)#ppp authentication chap pap
What is the default encapsulation on a Cisco serial interface?
HDLC
Quick Notes
- ISDN
In ISDN, what do E-series protocols specify?
E-series protocols specify telephone network standards for ISDN. Examples include International ISDN addressing and the International Telephone plan.
What do protocols that begin with I deal with?
I-series protocols deal with concepts, terminology, and general methods of ISDN, such as service aspects, user network interfaces, and network aspects.
What do ISDN protocols that begin with Q specify?
Q-series protocols specify how switching and signaling (call setup) should operate. For example, ISDN protocol Q.921 is used for LAPD on the D channel, and protocol Q.931 is used for the ISDN network layer between the terminal and switch.
What is the data transfer speed for ISDN BRI?
The data transfer rate for ISDN BRI is 128 Kbps. The total transfer rate for ISDN BRI is 144 Kbps. This consists of two 64 Kbps (128 Kbps) Bearer (B) channels plus one 16 Kbps Delta (D) channel. The B channels can be used for data transfer and voice transmission. The D channel carries control and signaling information for fast call setup and operates at the first three layers of the OSI model.
What is the total rate in Mbps for ISDN PRI?
The total rate for ISDN PRI in theU.S.
and Japan Europe , PRI consists of 30 B channels and
one D channel for a total rate of 2.048 Mbps.
In ISDN, the D channel appears to always be up and is what makes the call to the ISDN switch.
What signaling protocol does the ISDN switch use to set up a path and pass the called number to the terminating ISDN switch?
The ISDN local switch uses the SS7 protocol to set up a path and pass the called number to the terminating ISDN switch.
Devices connecting to an ISDN network are known as terminal equipment (TE) and network termination (NT) equipment. What do the TE1 and TE2 equipment types refer to?
TE1 refers to a device that has a native ISDN interface. That is, it can plug directly into an ISDN network. TE2 refers to equipment that does not have an ISDN interface and that requires a terminal adapter (TA) to plug into an ISDN network.
To what do ISDN NT1 and NT2 termination types refer?
Network Terminal 1 converts BRI signals into a form used by the ISDN line. It implements the physical layer specifications and connects the devices to the ISDN network. NT2 is the point where all ISDN lines are aggregated and switched using a customer-switching device.
What is the function of the TA?
The terminal adapter converts non-ISDN signals into ISDN signals. Devices that are not native to ISDN connect to a TA to access the ISDN network.
What does the ISDN R reference point define?
The R reference point defines the point between a non-ISDN-compatible device and a TA.
What does the ISDN S point reference?
The S point references the points or customer equipment that connects to the NT2 or customer-switching device.
What does the ISDN T reference point define?
ISDN T reference points refer to the point between NT1 and NT2 devices. T and S reference points are electronically the same and reference the outbound connection from the NT2 to the ISDN network.
What is the ISDN U reference point?
The U reference point is the point between the NT1 and the ISDN network.
What happens when you connect a router with a U interface into an NT1?
If you connect a router with a U interface into an NT1, you will damage the interface. This is because the U interface on a Cisco router already has a built-in NT1.
What are SPIDs?
Service provider or profile identifiers (SPIDs) are used to identify your router to the switch at the central office (the ISP). They are a series of characters that look like phone numbers and are not always required.
How do you enable ISDN on a Cisco router?
To enable ISDN on a Cisco router, first you need to define the switch type your router will be connecting to. The switch type is the type of switch used by your service provider. To define the ISDN switch type, enter the isdn switch-type switch-type global or interface command. Specifying the isdn switch-type global command specifies the ISDN switch type for the entire router. The second step is to enter the SPIDs provided by your service provider by entering the isdn spid1 spid-number and isdn spid2 spid-number interface commands. The following example enables ISDN on a router, specifying AT&T basic-rate switches as the switch type:
RouterA(config-if)#isdn switch-type basic-5ess
RouterA(config-if)#isdn spid1 123456789123
RouterA(config-if)#isdn spid2 123456789124
If you have DDR enabled on your router, when does the router decide when to bring up the ISDN line and send traffic?
If DDR is enabled on your router, it brings up the ISDN line when it sees "interesting traffic".
How do you enable DDR on a Cisco router?
To enable DDR on a Cisco router, you first need to define static routes with the ip route command. Next, specify interesting traffic, and finally, configure the dialer information.
How do you specify interesting traffic?
As an administrator, you define that interesting traffic can be based on protocol type or addresses for source or destination hosts. To define interesting traffic, use the following command: dialer-list dialer-group protocol protocol-name {permit deny list access-list-number}
dialer-group is the number that identifies the dialer list. protocol-name can be IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet, or Vines.
RouterA(config)#dialer-list 10 protocol ip list 100
RouterA(config)#access-list 100 permit tcy any any eq www
RouterA(config)#access-list 100 permit tcy any any eq smtp
RouterA(config)#access-list 100 permit tcy any any eq dns
The last step in configuring DDR on a Cisco router is to configure the dialer information. How do you do this?
Do the following to configure the dialer information:
Step 1. Choose the interface.
Step 2. Configure an IP address on the interface.
Step 3. Configure the encapsulation type.
Step 4. Bind interesting traffic to the interface by using the dialer-group group-number interface command.
What command can you use to view the call in progress?
The show isdn active command shows the call in progress and the number dialed:
show isdn st
RouterA#Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-5ess
ISDN BRI0 interface dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-5ess
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status: TEI = 64, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State =
MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
Layer 3 Status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0
How can you view the number of times the dial string has been successfully reached on a Cisco router?
The show dialer command displays information about the interface configured for DDR, the number of times the dialer string has been successfully reached, and the fast and idle timer values for each B channel.
E-series protocols specify telephone network standards for ISDN. Examples include International ISDN addressing and the International Telephone plan.
What do protocols that begin with I deal with?
I-series protocols deal with concepts, terminology, and general methods of ISDN, such as service aspects, user network interfaces, and network aspects.
What do ISDN protocols that begin with Q specify?
Q-series protocols specify how switching and signaling (call setup) should operate. For example, ISDN protocol Q.921 is used for LAPD on the D channel, and protocol Q.931 is used for the ISDN network layer between the terminal and switch.
What is the data transfer speed for ISDN BRI?
The data transfer rate for ISDN BRI is 128 Kbps. The total transfer rate for ISDN BRI is 144 Kbps. This consists of two 64 Kbps (128 Kbps) Bearer (B) channels plus one 16 Kbps Delta (D) channel. The B channels can be used for data transfer and voice transmission. The D channel carries control and signaling information for fast call setup and operates at the first three layers of the OSI model.
What is the total rate in Mbps for ISDN PRI?
The total rate for ISDN PRI in the
In ISDN, the D channel appears to always be up and is what makes the call to the ISDN switch.
What signaling protocol does the ISDN switch use to set up a path and pass the called number to the terminating ISDN switch?
The ISDN local switch uses the SS7 protocol to set up a path and pass the called number to the terminating ISDN switch.
Devices connecting to an ISDN network are known as terminal equipment (TE) and network termination (NT) equipment. What do the TE1 and TE2 equipment types refer to?
TE1 refers to a device that has a native ISDN interface. That is, it can plug directly into an ISDN network. TE2 refers to equipment that does not have an ISDN interface and that requires a terminal adapter (TA) to plug into an ISDN network.
To what do ISDN NT1 and NT2 termination types refer?
Network Terminal 1 converts BRI signals into a form used by the ISDN line. It implements the physical layer specifications and connects the devices to the ISDN network. NT2 is the point where all ISDN lines are aggregated and switched using a customer-switching device.
What is the function of the TA?
The terminal adapter converts non-ISDN signals into ISDN signals. Devices that are not native to ISDN connect to a TA to access the ISDN network.
What does the ISDN R reference point define?
The R reference point defines the point between a non-ISDN-compatible device and a TA.
What does the ISDN S point reference?
The S point references the points or customer equipment that connects to the NT2 or customer-switching device.
What does the ISDN T reference point define?
ISDN T reference points refer to the point between NT1 and NT2 devices. T and S reference points are electronically the same and reference the outbound connection from the NT2 to the ISDN network.
What is the ISDN U reference point?
The U reference point is the point between the NT1 and the ISDN network.
What happens when you connect a router with a U interface into an NT1?
If you connect a router with a U interface into an NT1, you will damage the interface. This is because the U interface on a Cisco router already has a built-in NT1.
What are SPIDs?
Service provider or profile identifiers (SPIDs) are used to identify your router to the switch at the central office (the ISP). They are a series of characters that look like phone numbers and are not always required.
How do you enable ISDN on a Cisco router?
To enable ISDN on a Cisco router, first you need to define the switch type your router will be connecting to. The switch type is the type of switch used by your service provider. To define the ISDN switch type, enter the isdn switch-type switch-type global or interface command. Specifying the isdn switch-type global command specifies the ISDN switch type for the entire router. The second step is to enter the SPIDs provided by your service provider by entering the isdn spid1 spid-number and isdn spid2 spid-number interface commands. The following example enables ISDN on a router, specifying AT&T basic-rate switches as the switch type:
RouterA(config-if)#isdn switch-type basic-5ess
RouterA(config-if)#isdn spid1 123456789123
RouterA(config-if)#isdn spid2 123456789124
If you have DDR enabled on your router, when does the router decide when to bring up the ISDN line and send traffic?
If DDR is enabled on your router, it brings up the ISDN line when it sees "interesting traffic".
How do you enable DDR on a Cisco router?
To enable DDR on a Cisco router, you first need to define static routes with the ip route command. Next, specify interesting traffic, and finally, configure the dialer information.
How do you specify interesting traffic?
As an administrator, you define that interesting traffic can be based on protocol type or addresses for source or destination hosts. To define interesting traffic, use the following command: dialer-list dialer-group protocol protocol-name {permit deny list access-list-number}
dialer-group is the number that identifies the dialer list. protocol-name can be IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet, or Vines.
RouterA(config)#dialer-list 10 protocol ip list 100
RouterA(config)#access-list 100 permit tcy any any eq www
RouterA(config)#access-list 100 permit tcy any any eq smtp
RouterA(config)#access-list 100 permit tcy any any eq dns
The last step in configuring DDR on a Cisco router is to configure the dialer information. How do you do this?
Do the following to configure the dialer information:
Step 1. Choose the interface.
Step 2. Configure an IP address on the interface.
Step 3. Configure the encapsulation type.
Step 4. Bind interesting traffic to the interface by using the dialer-group group-number interface command.
What command can you use to view the call in progress?
The show isdn active command shows the call in progress and the number dialed:
show isdn st
RouterA#Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-5ess
ISDN BRI0 interface dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-5ess
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status: TEI = 64, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State =
MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
Layer 3 Status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0
How can you view the number of times the dial string has been successfully reached on a Cisco router?
The show dialer command displays information about the interface configured for DDR, the number of times the dialer string has been successfully reached, and the fast and idle timer values for each B channel.
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