Best Switching Notes for CCNA

What are three types of LAN traffic?
Unicasts - intended for one host.
Broadcasts - intended for everyone.
Multicasts - intended for a only a subset or group within an entire network.

What are unicast frames?
Unicast frames are the most common type of network traffic. A unicast frame is a frame intended for only one host. The only station that processes this frame is one station that has its own MAC address in the destination portion of packet.

What are broadcast frames?
Broadcast frames are frames intended for everyone. Stations view broadcast frames as public service announcements. All stations receive and process broadcast frames. In large networks, broadcasts can cause serious performance degradation in network hosts - (broadcast storm).
The destination address of broadcast frames (Data Link / Layer 2 broadcast addresses is FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF or alternatively all 1s in binary (11111111).

What are multicast frames?
Multicast frames address a group of devices that have a common interest. These frames allow the source to send only one copy of the frame on the network even though it is intended for several stations. Only stations that have a card that is configured by software to receive multicast frames for a particular multicast group can process a frame to that multicast address - all other stations discard multicast frames. An example of a multicast frame is: 01:00:5E:01:01:01/ The "01" at the beginning of the address signifies that it is an Ethernet multicast frame.

What three major functions do Data Link Layer / Layer 2 Switches perform?
Address learning
Packet forwarding/filtering
Loop avoidance by spanning tree

What will occur when you attempt to segment a network with hubs and repeaters?
Basically, hubs and repeaters become extensions of the physical cable plant. All devices that connect to either a hub or a repeater share the same bandwidth and by definition hubs and repeaters create a single broadcast and collision domain.
Think of both devices are pass-through devices much like a electrical power-strip. Hubs and repeaters reside on the Physical Layer / Layer 1 of the OSI model where they pass 0s and 1s along the wire or up to the Data Link Layer. CSUs / Channel Service Units fall into the same category. All are regarded as unintelligent devices. No addressing takes place on the Physical layer.

What is the advantage of segmenting a network with bridges or switches?
Bridges and switches function on the Data Link Layer / Layer 2 of the OSI model and filter by MAC address. Each port on either device provides full, dedicated bandwidth and creates a single collision domain.
Very important:
Because bridges and switches operate a Layer 2 -- they cannot filter broadcasts, and they create a single broadcast domain. (Note: each nailed-up port on a switch is a single Collision Domain - there will be a schematic on the exam to test your knowledge on broadcast and collision domains.)
Also, bridges are implemented by software and normally have a couple of network ports; whereas switches are implemented in hardware by ASIC chips and have many ports.
Think Data Link Layer / Layer 2 of the OSI model - physical addresses / MAC addresses
List some advantages Layer 2 switches have over bridges:
· High-speed backplane - multiple simultaneous conversations.
· Data-buffering capabilities are used to store-and-forward packets to the correct port(s).
· Lower latency than bridges. Remember that switches are implemented in hardware not software. Much faster.
· Higher port count or density.

What are the pros can cons of segmenting a LAN with routers?

Pros: Each interface on a router creates a single broadcast and collision domain. Routers function or operate on the Network Layer / Layer 3 of the OSI model and do not propagate broadcasts*. (* very important concept)

Cons: Routers are not transparent and are implemented in software thereby introducing latency in the network.

Remember: Routers = Network Layer / Layer 3 on the OSI model - Logical addressing (IP address).

Functions: Two key functions: routing and switching. The routing component is responsibile for learning and maintaining awareness of the network topology. The switching function is the process of moving packets from an inbound interface (Ethernet 0 for example) to an outbound interface (Serial 0 for example). Path selection is a key term.

What three devices are used to segment a LAN?
Router - logical addressing - IP address
Switch - physical addressing - MAC address
Bridge - physical addressing - MAC addres

What is microsegmentation?
Each workstation or network device on the network has its own dedicated segment - also known as a Collision Domain - to a switch. Each device gets the segments full bandwidth and does not have to share the dedicated segment with other devices. Collisions are reduced because each segment is its own Collision Domain.

Important: Full-duplex transmission is achieved by microsegmentation. Each device can send and receive at the same time which doubles the amount of bandwidth between nodes.

What are the three switching methods in Cisco Catalyst switches?
The three frame operating modes to handle frame switching are
Store-and-forward
Cut-through
Fragment-free

What is the Cisco Catalyst store-and-forward switching method?
In the store-and-forward switching method, the switch receives the entire frame before it forwards it. The switch reads the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to make sure the frame is not bad. If the frame is good, the switch forwards it. Because the switch stores the frame before forwarding it, latency is introduced in the switch. Latency through the switch varies with the size of the frame.

What is the Cisco Catalyst cut-through switching method?
In cut-through switching mode, the switch only checks the frame's destination address and immediately begins forwarding the frame out the appropriate port. Because the switch checks the destination address in only the header and not the entire frame, the switch forwards a collision frame or a frame that has a bad CRC.

What is the Cisco Catalyst fragment-free switching method?
Also known as modified cut-through, fragment-free switching checks the first 64 bytes before forwarding the frame. Ethernet specifications state that collisions should be detected during the first 64 bytes of the frame. By reading the first 64 bytes of the frame, the switch can filter most collisions, although late collisions are still possible.

What is the default switching mode in Cisco Catalyst 1900 switches?
The default switching mode for the Catalyst 1900 is fragment-free.

What is half-duplex transmission mode?
Half-duplex transmission is the default mode that Ethernet functions in. In half-duplex transmission, a device can only send or receive--not do both at once. In half-duplex mode, stations are susceptible to collisions, and efficiency is rated at 50 to 60 percent.

What is full-duplex transmission mode?
In full-duplex mode, a station can send and receive at the same time. In full-duplex mode, collision detection is disabled. This mode offers 100 percent efficiency in both directions.
On a Cisco Catalyst 1900 switch, what are the default duplex settings for 10BaseT/100BaseT ports, default switching mode, and default protocols?
The factory default settings for a Catalyst 1900 switch are as follows: · IP address: 0.0.0.0· CDP enabled· Switching mode: fragment-free· 10BaseT ports: half-duplex· 100BaseT ports: autonegotiate· Spanning tree enabled· No console password

What are the two configuration modes in a Catalyst 1900 switch?
Configuring a Catalyst 1900 switch is similar to configuring a router. The two configuration modes available are global configuration mode and interface configuration mode

How do you configure an IP address and subnet mask on a Catalyst 1900 switch?
To configure an IP address and subnet mask on a Catalyst 1900 switch, use the ip address address mask global configuration command:
Cat1900(config)#ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0

Why would you want to assign an IP address to a Layer 2 device, such as a switch?
You would assign an IP address to a Layer 2 device for management and configuration. With an IP address enabled on a Cisco switch, you can Telnet into it and change the configuration. You can also enable SNMP on the device and remotely monitor the switch.

How do you configure a default gateway on a Cisco Catalyst 1900 switch?
To configure a default gateway on a Catalyst 1900 switch, use the ip default-gateway ip address global configuration command. The following example configures the switch to use IP address 192.168.0.1 as its default gateway:
Cat1900(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.0.1
To remove the default gateway, use the no ip default-gateway command.

On a Catalyst 1900 switch, what command can you use to view the switch's IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway?
The show ip command displays the switch's IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. Here's an example:
Cat1900#show ipIP Address: 192.168.0.2
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.168.0.1
Management VLAN: 1
Domain name:
Name server 1: 0.0.0.0
Name server 2: 0.0.0.0
HTTP server : Enabled
HTTP port : 80
RIP : Enabled
Cat1900#

How do you change the duplex mode on a Catalyst 1900 switch?
To change the duplex mode on a Catalyst 1900 switch, use this command:
duplex {auto full full-flow-control half}
The following example changes the duplex speed for Ethernet interface 1 on the switch to full duplex:

Cat1900(config)#interface e0/1
Cat1900(config-if)#duplex full

How do you change the duplex mode on a Catalyst 1900 switch?
To change the duplex mode on a Catalyst 1900 switch, use this command:
duplex {auto full full-flow-control half}
The following example changes the duplex speed for Ethernet interface 1 on the switch to full duplex:
Cat1900(config)#interface e0/1
Cat1900(config-if)#duplex full

What command can you use to view the duplex settings and spanning tree state of a Catalyst switch?
You use the show interface type module/port EXEC command to view the duplex settings and spanning tree state. This example shows the output for the show interface command on Ethernet interface 0/1:
Cat1900#show interface e0/1
Ethernet 0/1 is Suspended-no-link
beatHardware is Built-in 10Base-TAddress is 0010.F621.F681MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbits802.1d

STP State: Forwarding
Forward Transitions: 1
Port monitoring: Disabled
Unknown unicast flooding: Enabled
Unregistered multicast flooding: Enabled
Description:Duplex setting: Full duplex
Back pressure: Disabled

What command can you use to check for frame check sequence (FCS) or late collision errors?
The show interface type module/port EXEC command displays FCS or late collision errors. Cat1900#show interface e0/1
Receive Statistics Transmit Statistics
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Total good frames 0 Total frames 0Total octets 0 Total octets 0
Broadcast/multicast frames 0 Broadcast/multicast frames 0Broadcast/multicast octets 0 Broadcast/multicast octets 0Good frames forwarded 0 Deferrals 0Frames filtered 0 Single collisions 0 Runt frames 0 Multiple collisions 0No buffer discards 0 Excessive collisions 0 Queue full discards 0Errors: Errors: FCS errors 0 Late collisions 0 Alignment errors 0 Excessive deferrals 0 Giant frames 0 Jabber errors 0 Address violations 0 Other transmit errors 0

How do you display the MAC address table on a Catalyst 1900 switch?
The show mac-address-table EXEC command displays the MAC address table and also tells you whether the MAC address entry is dynamic, permanent, or static. Here's an example: Cat1900#show mac-address-table
Address Dest Interface Type Source Interface List
----------------------------------------------------------------------
0080.C6E7.9CEF Ethernet 0/21 Dynamic All0030.80EF.988C Ethernet 0/22 Dynamic All
0040.05A2.5E92 Ethernet 0/11 Dynamic All

What are dynamic addresses on a Catalyst switch?
Dynamic addresses are addresses that the switch learns about dynamically through the learning process. If the switch does not see a MAC address for a certain amount of time, it drops the MAC address.

What are permanent MAC addresses on a Catalyst switch?
Permanent MAC addresses are entered manually by the administrator and are not aged out.

On a Catalyst 1900 switch, how do you make a MAC address permanent?
To make a MAC address permanent, use the mac-address-table permanent mac-address type module/port global command. The following example makes MAC address 0080.C6E7.9CEF permanent in the CAM table for port 0/21:

Cat1900(config)#mac-address-table permanent 0080.C6E7.9CEF Ethernet 0/21

What is the maximum number of MAC addresses a Catalyst 1900 can store in its MAC address table?
The maximum number of MAC addresses a Catalyst 1900 can store in its MAC address table is 1024.

What are static MAC addresses in a Catalyst 1900 switch?
On a Catalyst 1900 switch, static addresses allow you to restrict a MAC address to a specific port.

How do you restrict a MAC address to a specific port on a Catalyst 1900 switch?
To restrict a MAC address to a specific port, use the mac-address-table restricted static mac-address type module/port src-if-list global command:
Cat1900(config)#mac-address-table restricted static aaaa.aaaa.aaaa e0/1
This restricts MAC address aaaa.aaaa.aaaa to Ethernet port 0/1.

What EXEC command can you use to show the port security configurations on a Catalyst 1900 switch?
The show mac-address-table security command displays the port security configurations: Cat1900#show mac-address-table security
Action upon address violation : Suspend Interface Addressing Security Address Table Size Clear Address
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ethernet 0/1 Disabled N/A NoEthernet 0/2 Disabled N/A NoEthernet 0/3 Enabled 100 NoEthernet 0/4 Disabled N/A NoEthernet 0/5 Disabled N/A NoEthernet 0/6 Disabled N/A NoEthernet 0/7 Disabled N/A NoEthernet 0/8 Disabled N/A NoEthernet 0/9 Disabled N/A No

What Catalyst command can you use to display information about the IOS software version and hardware information about the switch?
The show version EXEC command displays the IOS software version and hardware information about the switch. The following example shows the output of the show version command on a Catalyst switch:
Cat1900#show version
Cisco Catalyst 1900/2820 Enterprise Edition SoftwareVersion V9.00.04 written from 192.168.000.001Copyright (c) Cisco Systems, Inc. 1993-1999Cat1900 uptime is 0day(s) 01hour(s) 34minute(s) 47second(s)cisco Catalyst 1900 (486sxl) processor with 2048K/1024K bytes of memoryHardware board revision is 1Upgrade Status: No upgrade currently in progress.Config File Status: No configuration upload/download is in progress27 Fixed Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)Base Ethernet Address: 00-10-F6-21-F6-80
show version will show up on the exam for sure - router or switch.

What Catalyst command do you use to back up the running configuration to a TFTP server?
Use the copy nvram tftp://host/dst_file command to back up the running configuration to a TFTP server:
Cat1900#copy nvram tftp://192.168.0.3/cat1900.cfg
Configuration upload is successfully completed
Cat1900#

How do you restore a configuration file from a TFTP server on a Catalyst 1900 switch?
To restore a configuration file from a TFTP server, use the copy tftp://host/src_file nvram command:
Cat1900#copy tftp://192.168.0.3/cat1900.cfg nvram
TFTP successfully downloaded configuration file
Cat1900#

What Catalyst 1900 command would you use to restore the switch to its factory settings?
To restore a 1900 series switch to its factory settings, use the delete nvram command.

Note: For some reason I think this one was on my exam.

Quick Notes - Network Management

What is the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)?
CDP is a Cisco proprietary protocol that runs on all Cisco IOS-enabled devices. It is used to gather information about directly connected neighboring devices. CDP operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model and is media-independent. With CDP, you can tell the hardware type, device identifier, address list, software version, and active interfaces on neighboring Cisco devices. CDP is enabled by default on all Cisco equipment. It uses a nonroutable SNAP frame to communicate between devices.

Note: Because CDP is media-independent it can operate over most media types. The only media types CDP cannot operate over are X.25, because it doesn't support SNAP encapsulation, and Frame Relay point-to-multipoint interfaces.

What are three reasons to disable CDP?
Three reasons to disable CDP are as follows:
. To save network bandwidth by not exchanging CDP frames.
. If you are connecting to non-Cisco devices.
. Security. CDP broadcasts information about the device every 60 seconds. Sniffers and other devices can view these broadcasts to discover information about your network.

How do you disable CDP on Cisco routers?
Two commands disable CDP on a Cisco router. To disable CDP on the entire device, use the no cdp run global command:
RouterB(config)#no cdp run
To disable CDP on an interface only, use the no cdp enable interface command:
RouterB(config)#int e0
RouterB(config-if)#no cdp enable
This disables CDP on Ethernet interface 0.

What does the show CDP command display?
The show CDP command displays global CDP information about the device. It tells you when the device will send CDP packets and the CDP holdtime:
RouterB#show cdp
Global CDP information:

Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds

Note: For the CCNA test, remember that the default time a device will send out CDP information is 60 seconds and the default holdtime is 180 seconds.

On a Cisco router, what does the show cdp neighbors command display?
The show cdp neighbors command displays the following:
· Device ID (name of the device)
· The local interface (local outgoing port)
· The holdtime displayed in seconds
· The device's capability code (this tells you if the device is a router, switch, or repeater)
· Hardware platform of the neighboring device (what type of Cisco device it is and the model)
· Port ID of the neighboring device (remote port)
RouterB#show cdp neighbors
Capability Codes:
R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater
Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID
RouterA Ser 0 146 R 2505 Ser 0

What does the show cdp neighbors detail command display?
The show cdp neighbors detail and show cdp entry * commands show the same output. They both display the following:
· Device ID (host name) of the remote neighbor
· Layer 3 address of the remote device (if the device has more than one Layer 3 address on its interface, only the primary address is shown)
· Device platform and capabilities· Local interface and outgoing port ID
· Remote device holdtime in seconds
· IOS type and version
RouterB#show cdp neighbors detail
------------------------
Device ID: RouterA
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.2.1
Platform: cisco 2505, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial1, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial1
Holdtime : 164 sec Version :Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-D-L), Version 12.0(13), RELEASE SOFTWARE
(fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 06-Sep-00 01:08 by Linda

What does the show cdp traffic command display?
The show cdp traffic command displays information about interface traffic. This includes the number of CDP packets sent and received and CDP errors:
RouterB#show cdp traffic
CDP counters :
Packets output: 105, Input: 103
Hdr syntax: 0, Chksum error: 0, Encaps failed:
No memory: 0, Invalid packet: 0, Fragmented: 0

What does the show cdp interface command display?
The show cdp interface command displays the status of CDP on all interfaces on your device: RouterB#show cdp interface
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is down
Encapsulation ARPA
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation HDLC
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation HDLC
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds

What Cisco IOS router command can you use to see a neighbor router's IP address?
To see a neighbor router's IP address, you must use the show cdp neighbor detail or show cdp entry * user mode or EXEC command. (This one will probably be on the exam)

What IOS command do you use to view the active outbound telnet sessions for the current user on a Cisco router?
The show sessions command displays the active outbound telnet sessions from that particular user on your router.
RouterA#show sessions
Conn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name
* 1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.2 0 0 192.168.1.2

What key sequence do you use to suspend a Telnet session on a remote system and return to your local router?
To suspend a Telnet session, press Ctrl-Shift-6, and then press X.

How do you end a remote Telnet session on a Cisco router?
To end a Telnet session, use the exit or logout command while you're on the remote device: RouterB>exit
[Connection to 192.168.1.2 closed by foreign host]
RouterA#
Upon using the ping EXEC command, you receive one of the following responses:
· .
· !
· ?
· C
· U
· I
What does each of these responses mean?
. = Each period indicates that the network server timed out while waiting for a reply.
! =Each exclamation point indicates the receipt of a reply.
? =Unknown packet type.
C =A congestion experienced packet was received.
U =A destination unreachable error PDU was received.
I = The user interrupted the test.

What is the trace EXEC command used for?
RouterA#trace 192.168.2.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 192.168.2.2
1 192.168.2.2 16 msec 16 msec *
Note: If trace responds with a * it means the probe timed out. If it responds with a ? it means it received an unknown packet type.

What are the two ways in which a Cisco router resolves host names to IP addresses?
A Cisco router resolves host names using either a host table on each router or a DNS server.

What is the main purpose of RAM on a Cisco router?
On most Cisco routers, the IOS is loaded into RAM, as well as the running configuration. It is also used to hold routing tables and packet buffers.

What is the function of ROM on a Cisco router?
On a Cisco router, ROM is used to start and maintain the router.

What is Flash memory used for on a Cisco router?
Flash memory is used to store the Cisco IOS software image and, if there is room, multiple configuration files or multiple IOS files. On some routers (the 2500 series), it is also used to run the IOS.

What is the function of NVRAM on a Cisco router?
Nonvolatile Random-Access Memory (NVRAM) is used to hold the saved router configuration. This configuration is not lost when the router is turned off or reloaded.

What is the main purpose of the configuration register on a Cisco router?
The configuration register's main purpose is to control how the router boots up. It is a 16-bit software register that by default is set to load the Cisco IOS from Flash memory and to look for and load the startup-config file from NVRAM.
What Cisco IOS command would you use to view the current configuration register value?
The show version command is used to display the router's current configuration register: RouterA#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System SoftwareIOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-D-L),

Version 12.0(13), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 06-Sep-00 01:08 by lindaImage text-base: 0x030388F8, data-base: 0x00001000 Configuration register is 0x2102

How do you change the configuration register on a Cisco router?
To change the configuration register on a Cisco router, use the config-register global command.

What Cisco IOS command displays the contents of Flash memory?
The show flash command displays the contents of Flash memory. This includes the images stored in Flash memory, the images' names, bytes used in Flash memory, bytes available, and the total amount of Flash memory on your router:
RouterA#show flash
System flash directory:File Length Name/status
1 6897716 c2500-d-l.120-13.bin[6897780 bytes used, 1490828 available, 8388608 total]8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

What IOS command would you use to copy the running configuration on a router to a TFTP server?
To copy the running configuration to a TFTP server, use the copy running-config tftp privileged EXEC command:
RouterB#copy run tftp
Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.0.2
Destination filename [routerb-confg]?
!!
780 bytes copied in 6.900 secs (130 bytes/sec)
This gives you a backup of your running config on a TFTP server.

How do you erase the router's configuration and bring it back to the factory default?
The erase startup-config privileged EXEC command erases your router's configuration, thus bringing it back to its factory defaults:

RouterB#erase startup-config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
[OK]Erase of nvram: complete
Note: In order to complete the process, you need to reload the router. An older IOS command that you can use to accomplish the same results is write erase.

How do you restore a configuration file from a TFTP server into your Cisco router's RAM?
The copy tftp running-config privileged EXEC command merges the saved and running configuration into your router's RAM, so any commands not explicitly change or removed will remain in the running configuration.
RouterB#copy tftp running-config

Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.0.2
Source filename []? routerb-confg
Destination filename [running-config]?
Accessing tftp://192.168.0.2/routerb-confg...
Loading routerb-confg from 192.168.0.2 (via Ethernet0):
!
[OK - 780/1024 bytes] 780 bytes copied in 4.12 secs (195 bytes/sec)
RouterB# 01:40:46: %SYS-5-CONFIG: Configured from tftp://192.168.0.2/routerb-confg

How do you back up a Cisco router IOS?
To back up the current IOS image on your router, use the copy flash tftp privileged EXEC mode command:
RouterB#copy flash tftp
Source filename [routerb-flash]? flash:c2500-d-l.120-13.bin
Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.0.2
Destination filename [c2500-d-l.120-13.bin]?
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6897716 bytes copied in 90.856 secs (76641 bytes/sec)

How do you upgrade or restore the Cisco router IOS?
To upgrade or restore the Cisco router IOS, use the copy tftp flash privileged EXEC mode command.

How you make a Cisco router a TFTP server?
To configure a Cisco router as a TFTP server, use the tftp-server global configuration command.

What is the boot sequence of a Cisco router?
The boot sequence of a router is as follows:
hardware /power on
load run bootstrapfind the IOS software
load the softwarefind the config (default NVRAM)
load the configuration (startup-config) into RAM
Run the IOS

What can you configure on a router in setup mode?
ip addresses
routed protocols
enable password

Important Config Register Notes:
2100 manual boot rommon>
2101 boot from ROM
2102 normal/password recovery
2105 boot system command - config-register NVRAM
2142 bypass NVRAM
ctrl-break = ROM monitor mode
router(config)#boot system flash ios filename
router(config)#boot system tftp filename ip address
router(config)#boot system ROM

Note the router prompt for boot commands. Copy commands = router#

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